Formulações para o segundo choque

"I greatly enjoy Ken Dardis’s Audio Graphics web site and frequently link to it here.  His site is approaching its tenth anniversary, and Ken is not too optimistic about the current state of terrestrial radio.

Terrestrial broadcasting is at a crossroads, and I’m not sure  people in the broadcasting business understand they have a problem or its causes (see some of the recent comments here; one person insists radio’s problems are the audience’s fault!).  But it’s possible for troubled companies and industries to reinvent themselves. Look at Apple and its turnaround since the return of Steve Jobs; it has gradually morphed from a struggling PC company (Apple only accounted for only 5% of all new PC sales in 2005) into a music/entertainment media company with terrific growth prospects. 

But will terrestrial broadcasting be able to adapt-----such as by offering their programming via mobile phones, the internet, wireless broadband, and/or (gawdforbid!!) satellite radio------or will it be like the U.S. auto industry and stubbornly pursue the same business practices that haven’t worked for years and which, in fact, have brought them to the edge of a financial apocalypse?

As they used to say on Top 40 radio in 1966: "Don’t touch that dial!!"

fonte: "Is It The End Of the Road For Radio?"

A favor da total desregulação na rádio hertziana

A propósito deste relatório ""The Future of Radio Regulation: The Need for a Level Playing Field," is authored by Adam Thierer, formerly director of telecommunications studies at the Cato Institute", pede-se a total desregulação do FM:

"He presents the case that radio seemed impervious to competition for so long, having spent its early years without any significant competition, and then surviving onslaughts from records, television, the Walkman and CDs. Yet today, he counters, radio is becoming outflanked by both the sheer number of emerging media alternatives, and the more specifically direct nature of their competitive services.

He cites Internet radio, music downloading and satellite radio as examples. Satellite radio presents the greatest threat, in Thierer's view, particularly given its foray into provision of local content with traffic and weather offerings. He also makes a convincing argument that although satellite radio only reaches a fraction of free, over-the-air (OTA) terrestrial radio's audience today, all indicators point toward continued strong growth in satellite radio's subscriptions, and he presents a plausible future in which satellite radio overtakes OTA radio just as cable and satellite TV have done to OTA television broadcasting."

Telemóveis e rádio paga (uma relação de futuro?)

"A new study from Bridge Ratings says that the pervasiveness of cell phones would be a significant contributor to the success of cell phone radio.

According to the study of six U.S. cities and Toronto, Canada, which was conducted between Dec. 15 and Jan. 16, 66% of the U.S. population owns a cell phone. That number represents 197 million people. Meanwhile, the percentage of teens that own cell phones is 73%.

In fact, today cell phone technology is the only audio-capable technology that could approach traditional radio's market penetration (currently at 93% or 276 million Americans who listen to terrestrial radio at least once a week), according to the study.

Overall, 33% of those surveyed said that it was “very likely” that they would pay a “reasonable fee of $8.95 per month” to listen to AM/FM radio on their cell phones. 20% said it was “somewhat likely.”

Traditional radio fared best among 18-34 year olds and 25-54 year olds, where 24% and 28% respectively said that they were “very likely" to pay for access on their cell phones.

Meanwhile, only 9% said that they would be “very likely” to subscribe to satellite radio on their cell phone. Interestingly, 35% said that they would pay for Internet radio service on their phone.

Not surprisingly, Internet radio interest is highest among 12-17 year olds and in the 18-34 demo.

The study was commissioned by an unnamed wireless company in December 2005 to analyze the degree of interest by consumers in the availability of radio station audio on cell phones. It measured interest in broadcast, Internet radio, satellite radio and podcast radio. Markets in the study included Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, Burlington (VT), Toronto, Philadelphia and St. Louis. "

Fonte: "Bridge Study Finds Significant Interest In Terrestrial Radio Delivered On Cell Phones", 
Billboard Radio Monitor, Jan. 18, 2006, By Ken Tucker

120 mil visitantes na "Rádio Presidenciais"

(desenvolvimento deste texto) 

A “Rádio Presidenciais”, projecto  do portal de Internet Cotonete lançado no início de Dezembro, teve, até ontem, cerca de 120 mil visitantes à página, e mais de 65 mil ouvintes. A rádio foi ainda sempre uma das mais ouvidas dos vários temas disponíveis no Cotonete, garantindo ainda sinergias com ‘sites’ estrangeiros.
Além da rádio principal, cada um dos seis candidatos a Belém teve disponível uma página própria. Cavaco Silva foi, de longe, o que garantiu mais ouvintes, segundo Carlos Marques, director-geral de Multimédia da Media Capital Rádios. No entanto, a página oficial do candidato apoiado pelo PSD contém um ‘link’ para a Rádio Presidências, o que pode explicar a afluência de apoiantes seus ao portal.
Francisco Louçã foi o segundo em termos de ouvintes, o que pode ser explicado pelo ‘target’ das rádios digitais, mais jovem, e até pelo dos seus apoiantes. As páginas de Mário Soares, Jerónimo de Sousa, Manuel Alegre e Garcia Pereira foram os seguintes em termos de ouvintes.
A iniciativa garantiu ainda sinergias com ‘sites’ de televisões dos Estados Unidos que emitem para comunidades portuguesas. Na prática, estes ‘sites’ incluíram um ‘link’ para a Rádio Presidenciais, ‘link’ esse que se vai manter para o portal Cotonete após terminar a eleição."

"Rádio Presidenciais abre sinergias nos EUA", Emanuel Costa, Diário Económico, 20/1/06

Jovens ouvem cada vez menos rádio

A partir deste texto da Radio Ink "Turnaround seen in terresterial radio" podem observar-se as seguintes conclusões relativamente aos hábitos dos jovens face à rádio e à sua competição digital (mp3...):

"Terrestrial audience erosion to alternative audio entertainment continues to occur in young demographics though at a slower rate than seen previously in 2005

-- Erosion rate halted for the time being among the 25+ age group.

-- MP3 device usage can consume as much as 80% of a radio user's audio entertainment during initial ownership weeks and months. This number tends to be generally lower among 30+ women and 35+ men

-- Time spent with MP3 players has increased among 12-24 year old males faster than with females as 2005 progresses as time spent with Internet radio has slowed

-- Where a 15% decrease in terrestrial radio use by 12-24 year olds was reported for Q3 2005 Vs Q3 2004, by Q4 2005 use had increased by two quarter hours per week per person resulting in only a 4% increase when compared with Q4 2004".

Erosão nas audiências da rádio (EUA) invertida?

Um estudo acabado de divulgar diz que a erosão das sondagens de rádio norte-americana (convencional) detectada no ano passado estará a ser invertida:

"The Center for Media Research reports that according to initial results from a continuing Audience Attrition project by Bridge Ratings & Research, audience erosion from terrestrial radio – due to less time spent with AM/FM radio and more time spent with a variety of digital media, including MP3 players, iPods, Internet radio, and satellite radio – has returned somewhat in the 4th quarter of 2005.

The report finds that AM/FM radio listening is returning to former high-water marks as a result of both the medium’s lower commercial load policies and a growing segment of MP3 users who after some time immersed in the new technology, become fatigued and return to terrestrial radio among other sources of audio entertainment.

Other updated findings include:

-- Terrestrial audience erosion to alternative audio entertainment continues to occur in young demographics though at a slower rate than seen previously in 2005

-- Erosion rate halted for the time being among the 25+ age group.

-- MP3 device usage can consume as much as 80% of a radio user’s audio entertainment during initial ownership weeks and months. This number tends to be generally lower among 30+ women and 35+ men

-- Time spent with MP3 players has increased among 12-24 year old males faster than with females as 2005 progresses as time spent with Internet radio has slowed

-- Where a 15% decrease in terrestrial radio use by 12-24 year olds was reported for Q3 2005 Vs Q3 2004, by Q4 2005 use had increased by two quarter hours per week per person resulting in only a 4% increase when compared with Q4 2004

-- Listening to traditional radio by Adults 25-49 has risen from 65 quarter hours a week (Q4 2004) to 67 "

fonte: "Turnaround Seen In Terrestrial Radio"

Rádio digital preferida a televisão nos telemóveis

"Os ingleses estão mais interessados em ouvir rádio digital do que assistir televisão nos telemóveis. É o que diz uma pesquisa da British Telecommunications e da Virgin Mobile publicada no Media Guardian. Os utilizadores assistem em média a 66 minutos por semana de televisão nos telemóveis. O tempo dedicado a ouvir rádio é maior - 95 minutos semanais" (via Meios e Publicidade).

Comentário: Não me admira: a questão da visualização das imagens nos pequenos ecrãs dos telemóveis é um problema; o outro é que se a rádio perde o exclusivo da portabilidade não perde o da acumulação: são muitas as situações em que não é possível ver televisão, por estar a - por exemplo, conduzir.

Excertos do texto do Guardian ("Mobile TV is not a turn-on, BT trial finds") de 13/1/06: "Mobile phone users are more interested in listening to digital radio through their handsets than watching mobile television services, according to research unveiled yesterday, and are only willing to pay about £5 a month for the privilege of catching up with their favourite shows on a phone’s small screen.

The first major British trial of real broadcast mobile television was carried out by BT and Virgin Mobile among 1,000 users within London’s M25 motorway. The results showed that while 59% rated mobile television as appealing or very appealing by the end of a six-month test, 65% said the same about digital radio. In terms of actual viewing and listening time, users watched an average of 66 minutes of television a week on their phone but listened to 95 minutes of radio. (...)

The first major British trial of real broadcast mobile television was carried out by BT and Virgin Mobile among 1,000 users within London’s M25 motorway. . (...)

While companies such as Vodafone and 3 are already offering mobile television, it uses up space on their expensive 3G networks and if 3G became very popular it could quickly clog up the airwaves, potentially leaving callers without a signal. The service that BT has developed, and which it hopes to sell to mobile phone companies across the world, uses a portion of the digital radio spectrum. So as well as live television stations revamped for mobile TV, handsets with the right receiver can also get digital radio stations.

As a result, the service may provide a new lease of life to radio companies as broadcasts over mobile phones also introduces the potential for interaction. Listeners would be able to press the equivalent of their TV’s red button on their phone to get involved in radio quizzes and polls or to download music tracks.

This Christmas, for instance, digital radios were again one of the top sellers among electrical goods. Part of the attraction of radio over mobile TV is also, she admitted, that "there are a lot of times in your daily life when it is not practical to look at a TV screen".»

A televisão portátil na GB

Duas notas de resumo deste texto sobre a experiência da televisão nos telemóveis na GB:

- já há dois formatos/sistemas de transmissão, o conhecido DVB-H e um DAB-IP, que usa a rede DAB da rádio

- os investimentos nas redes estão muito longe de estarem rentabilizados

"Mobile television in Britain is available from Orange, Vodafone and 3, which all charge about £10 a month. All three use the firms' 3G networks, which cost billions to build but have so far given little return on investment. Streaming TV content over a mobile phone signal may be a quick way to make a return but it risks clogging up the network.

 

In contrast, BT's Movio's service uses a broadcast signal rather than a mobile phone network. It even works in areas without mobile phone coverage. It uses internet technology and part of the digital radio spectrum owned by Digital One, the national digital radio broadcaster controlled by GCap, to simulcast live TV channels to mobile phones fitted with a receiver.

 

The technology, called DAB-IP, works like a traditional TV and the first commercially available handset, made by Taiwan's HTC, is already rolling off the production line. As well as TV, the handsets can receive digital radio.

 

Virgin Mobile is angling for a period of exclusivity for the technology in Britain and will offer several channels in the summer. While mobile TV over 3G is available in several countries, Virgin Mobile looks set to be the first to offer real broadcast TV over DAB-IP.

 

Next week, O2 will announce results of a trial of another rival technology it has been testing in Oxford. Its service, which uses a Nokia-backed standard called DVB-H, relies on radio spectrum that will not be available in Britain until the analogue television signal is switched off in 2012"

Fonte: Guardian, "Mobile TV is not a turn-on, BT trial finds", Richard Wray, Friday January 13, 2006

Arrancou o Mobile TV em Portugal

"A Vodafone lançou ontem o serviço Mobile TV que vai permitir o acesso durante 24 horas por dia a 14 canais de televisão a partir de telemóveis de terceira geração (3G).
O primeiro canal generalista nacional disponível é a RTP1, com emissão simultânea entre as 7h00 e as 21h00 de segunda-feira a sexta-feira. O horário das 21h00 às 7h00 será preenchido com a transmissão contínua e diferida do Telejornal. (...) A par da transmissão simultânea dos noticiários da SIC e TVI e da emissão em directo da estação de informação Euronews, já anteriormente disponíveis, a Vodafone vai também emitir os canais MTV Tracks, MTV Snacks, Eurosport, Chili TV, Fashion TV, 24 (Fox), Discovery Mobile, UEFA Champions League, Playboy TV (Premium) e Blue (Premium).
A operadora tem duas modalidades de subscrição do serviço Mobile TV: uma mensal, no valor de 7,5 euros, e outra de 24 horas, no valor de 1,5 euros. Os canais Premium, Playboy TV e Blue são cobrados separadamente. Até ao próximo dia 28 de Fevereiro a subscrição mensal dos canais genéricos é gratuita. A Vodafone, tal como as outras operadores móveis, oferecia já alguns serviços televisivos: o canal Euronews 24 horas por dia, a RTP em directo 11 horas por dia e noticiários dos três principais canais que emitem em sinal aberto - RTP1, SIC e TVI.
A TMN, que já oferece alguns serviços televisivos aos clientes que possuem telemóveis 3G, está também a preparar uma oferta que deve incluir dez a 15 canais, nacionais e internacionais, e pode ser lançada ainda durante o primeiro trimestre, adiantou ao PÚBLICO Eduardo Cláudio, director do negócio de dados e conteúdos do operador móvel da Portugal Telecom.
Actualmente, a TMN tem disponíveis a SIC Notícias 24 horas por dia e os principais noticiários da RTP1, SIC e TVI, que podem ser seguidos em directo. Os clientes dispõem ainda da possibilidade de pedir o visionamento de notícias específicas. A empresa tem igualmente disponíveis programas avulso, caso do Contra-Informação, da RTP1, e da meteorologia, da TVI.
A Optimus também tem serviço de televisão em directo e vídeo e vai igualmente "alargar a oferta", privilegiando os canais em língua portuguesa, informou Joana Ribeiro da Silva, directora do serviço de dados para mercado residencial. Este operador móvel disponibiliza já nos telemóveis de terceira geração a RTP1, SIC e Euronews e aposta na "produção própria dos seus conteúdos".
O número de clientes não é ainda, no caso de qualquer dos operadores, expressivo, apesar de nenhum adiantar dados. Com o serviço ontem lançado, a Vodafone espera chegar a dez por cento dos seus clientes - cerca de quatro milhões - no prazo de três anos, "o que se deverá traduzir numa facturação anual de 40 milhões a 50 milhões de euros".

(J.M.R. e Lusa, Público, "Vodafone alarga serviço televisivo nos telemóveis de terceira geração", 19/1/06)

 

Em Portugal, há mais de um ano que não se fala em nada...

... relacionado com a medição electrónica de audiências na rádio.

Um pequeno exemplo: quais são foram os resultados disto? "Em Portugal, o sistema, representado no mercado nacional pela Marktest, foi testado durante 2004 pelas principais estações de sinal aberto (RTP1, SIC e TVI), TV Cabo (através do codificado Sport TV) e por algumas rádios de cobertura nacional (RFM, TSF, Antena 1 e Comercial), mas o processo de implementação do projecto no mercado português não tem registado novos desenvolvimentos."

No mínimo, estranho!

 

O Google e a rádio

A Google continua a posicionar-se para liderar a nova sociedade de informação, atacando em todas as áreas. Um exemplo disto mesmo é o facto de ter comprado uma empresa norte-americana especializada em colocar anúncios em rádios (tenham ou não emissão on line), uma empresa que "developed methods for automatically placing targeted ads into radio station broadcasts", a dMarc. "The dMarc platform will be integrated into the existing AdWords service, part of a larger plan by Google to broaden contextual advertising into various forms of media beyond the internet."

De acordo com a mesma fonte: "The magic of AdWords is that it creates revenue opportunities for smaller websites, and smaller stations will also characterize the radio push. Similar deals involving television, magazines, and newspapers could be on the way, though radio will offer the first important test case outside of the internet. Digital (HD) radio formats will also be part of the picture over the long-term, offering an even greater level of targeting to participating stations. Currently, dMarc has a network of over 4,500 member stations." Citações retiradas de "Google Acquires Contextual Radio Advertising Technology"

De acordo com a Real ink, "dMarc connects advertisers directly to radio stations through its automated advertising platform. The platform simplifies the sales process, scheduling, delivery and reporting of radio advertising, enabling advertisers to more efficiently purchase and track their campaigns. For broadcasters, dMarc’s technology automatically schedules and places advertising, helping to increase revenue and decrease the costs associated with processing advertisements."

"Essa aquisição irá trazer muitos dólares de publicidade e aumentará a rentabilidade do rádio, combinando a crescente rede de anunciantes do Google com a inovadora tecnologia de publicidade em rádio da dMarc", disse Tim Armstrong, vice-presidente de venda de publicidade do Google."

HD aposta nos canais secundários (HD2)

"The HD2 rollouts will cover the top 28 markets in the United States, which include mega-cities New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco, as well as smaller markets like Albuquerque, Dayton, Tulsa, and Wichita. The rollouts will include 250 new channels, many of which will begin airing “within a few days”. The rollout will bring the total number of HD2 stations to 264. "Listeners will now have even more local choices of new and diverse programming," said Peter Ferrara, president and CEO of the HD Digital Radio Alliance. "I think a lot of people are going to want an HD Radio for their car, home and office."

High-definition (HD) radio, often simply referred to as "digital radio," offers a higher-fidelity, digital upgrade over analog transmissions. Part of that upgrade includes the ability to multicast different programs over a single channel. One station, for example, could offer a flagship "HD1" channel, and a more specialized "HD2" station that delivers more niche content"

Fonte: "Terrestrial Conglomerates Push HD2 Digital Radio Rollouts" Digital Music News

ACT a 20/1:"The Wall Street Journal reports that America's biggest radio companies have started multicasting two or three stations onto FM frequencies that previously just carried one. For listeners, it means dozens of new channels are coming onto the air.

Clear Channel, CBS Radio and other broadcasters are starting to spell out what formats they will use for the new stations that will be created to take advantage of the emerging digital technology. Clear Channel has begun multicasting 10 new stations in New York and San Francisco, with more debuting in the next few days and an even bigger push to follow. CBS Radio is in the process of unveiling new multicast stations in several cities. In all, more than 250 multicast digital stations will soon be available in 28 large markets, including New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

The radio companies hope the extra programming, which will largely be commercial-free, will lure back consumers who were considering subscribing to satellite radio.

A spokesman for XM Satellite Radio was dismissive of the new approach, saying, "While satellite radio continues its record growth as the radio service of the future, we just see more circling wagons from a traditional radio industry that has clearly lost touch with its audience."

The take at Sirius, meanwhile, is: "We wish them luck. We have more than 125 channels of great programming, and we think that what is good for radio will be very good for us."

fonte: "Terrestrial Radio Gets "Serious" About HD"

Nesta notícia da Radio Ink "Twenty-five Clear Channel Radio stations in five markets are now in the process of turning on their HD2 multicast digital radio channels. Within two weeks, another 82 stations in 20 more markets will begin HD2 multicasts" está uma lista de canais suplementares. Mas todos os principais grupos fizeram o mesmo, além da Clear Channel

Telemóveis e rádio/FM não convergem - resultados de um estudo

(no âmbito do meu trabalho académico sobre o futuro da rádio e o chamado segundo choque - de que este blogue é o rosto e arquivo - propus-me apurar o grau de convergência entre telemóveis e recepção FM; os telemóveis são - sobretudo para as gerações mais novas - um instrumento decisivo; se a rádio não convergir como extra nesses receptores corre sérios riscos de se tornar obsoleta; daí a preocupação em realizar este trabalho, que, pelo menos, será repetido em Outubro deste ano, com o objectivo de perceber a tendência)

Analisados 248 modelos GSM das 11 principais marcas de telemóveis (não há, que eu conheça, um ranking oficial, mas as onze marcas são as mais expressivas): além da existência de recepção FM, foi analisada a presença de outros extras como o "Audio player" (em qualquer formato de leitura); o "mp3"; "video player" (excepto MPEG 4), "MPEG 4" e "slots" (cartões exteriores de memória).

Resultados globais: só 14% dos modelos analisados convergem com a rádio (a rádio é, dos cinco extras analisados, o menos convergente), sendo que uma parte significativa é da Nokia (46% dos seus modelos têm rádio!). Outras marcas de telemóveis que incorporam FM: Sony Ericsson (29%), Siemens-Benq (3%; um modelo apenas),
Marcas sem terminais com recepção FM: Motorola, Samsung, LG, Alcatel, Philips, Sharp, Panasonic, Sagem (8 em 11!)  

Os resultados em detalhe, a metodologia, os propósitos e as conclusões aqui.

"Vestidas de iPod?"

"Três crianças, vestidas de iPod circularam na semana passada na Macworld, o evento anual da Apple em São Francisco, para divulgar o livro 'Cult of iPod' escrito pelo seu pai, o jornalista Leander Kahney, responsável pelo blog do mesmo nome na Wired. As crianças foram fotografadas, entrevistadas e ganharam brindes das empresas participantes. As crianças vestiam trajes feitos de papel. A menina usava roupa preta e peruca a imitar as silhuetas dos anúncios da televisão."

"Crianças vestidas de iPod divulgam livro" Maria João Lima, Meios e Publicidade, 16 de Janeiro de 2006

Desenvolvimentos sobre a rádio e a internet

Quatro fases, quatro opções: 

"En primer lugar, hay que distinguir a aquellos radiodifusores que entienden la Red como un nuevo soporte de transmisión para redistribuir los contenidos que ya emitían por los soportes inalámbricos tradicionales (...). En segundo lugar, hay emisoras que entienden la Red como una nueva forma de consumir la misma radio, ofreciendo posibilidad de acceder a bancos de datos y archivos de sonido de programas. (...) En tercer lugar, se ha desarrollado una nueva forma de radio: lo que se conoce como radio from the web (radio desde la web, para la web). Una radio diferente que ofrece un producto único, innovador e inusual y que experimenta tanto con formatos musicales especializados como con programas de Talk Shows a la carta. (...) Finalmente, como una evolución más reciente y casi de síntesis, las emisoras de radio a través de la Red han adoptado la modalidad de portales. Siguiendo la tendencia de los restantes medios tradicionales, esta opción responde también al objetivo de fortalecer la marca del grupo de comunicación que habitualmente hay detrás.  (...) la última modalidad es la que se implanta de forma generalizada en la actualidad: presenta en una única ventana en la Red los contenidos over the air; permite acceder a ellos bajo demanda; y también ofrece otros servicios de audio y texto diferenciados y desarrollados exclusivamente para la Red".

Martinéz-Costa in MARTINÉZ-COSTA, María del Pilar e MORENO MORENO, Elsa, Programación Radiofónica, Ariel, Barcelona, 2004 , pág 337/338. E SEGUINTES (até 345 - Importante)

A primeira rádio na internet

"Desde 1996 -año en que aparece Audionet, la primera emisora de la Red para la Red (...)" de acordo com María del Pilar Martinéz-Costa in MARTINÉZ-COSTA, María del Pilar e MORENO MORENO, Elsa, Programación Radiofónica, Ariel, Barcelona, 2004 , pág 337

"Mark Cuban, now owner of the Dallas Mavericks basketball team, built his fortune by launching Audionet (which later become Broadcast.com) in the mid-nineties. He then sold it to Yahoo! for billions. Still, by the time he sold it, there were already signs that the party was over." "Everything kills the radio star", 14/9/05, PC Mag.com, by Lance Ulanoff

Mas o registo é polémico: "Net.radio is a local operation that claims to be the first Internet-only broadcast venture, as opposed to radio stations that are simply feeding their on-air signals onto the net."

Convergência é (parte d)o futuro

"Entre las notas dominantes del nuevo paisaje de los medios digitales, Orihuela (2000: 47-S0) señala varias convergencias y transiciones que también pueden aplicarse al caso de la radio. Para el autor, la clave de la comunicación se ha desplazado desde la transmisión de información hacia la producción de contenidos y, en ese desplazamiento, «el público sedentario de los medios tradicionales se ha reconvertido en usuario activo, no se limita al consumo de medios interactivos, sino que también participa en la producción de contenidos». Por otra parte, «la distinción entre medios personales (como el teléfono o el correo) y medios colectivos (como la radio, la televisión o la prensa) se diluye en un entorno de confluencia bautizado por De Kerckhove como conectivo». Internet ha provocado la disolución de las fronteras que separaban a los medios en función de su soporte y de los formatos de la información. De esta manera, las redes de telecomunicaciones se fusionan con la radio y la televisión (broadcasting)"

María del Pilar Martinéz-Costa in MARTINÉZ-COSTA, María del Pilar e MORENO MORENO, Elsa, Programación Radiofónica, Ariel, Barcelona, 2004 , pág. 322 

"Encruzilhada tecnológica"

"Muchos son los autores que caracterizan el momento actual de los medios como una encrucijada que pone en conflicto, una vez más, la dimensión técnica con las concepciones y lógicas culturales y sociales. Para Wolton (2001: 207-223) este cambio tecnológico no impone por definición una nueva jerarquía entre los nuevos y los viejos medios. La tecnología digital , y más específicamente la internet, no reduce la la comunicación a la satisfacción de una demanda tecnológica, como no lo hizo antes ni la imprenta ni la aparición de la televisión. Por el contrario, situadas en una perspectiva histórica, las tecnologías de la comunicación digital pueden plantearse la superación de la lógica de la cantidad por la lógica de la calidad, aunque con unas nuevas normas de juego".

María del Pilar Martinéz-Costa in MARTINÉZ-COSTA, María del Pilar e MORENO MORENO, Elsa, Programación Radiofónica, Ariel, Barcelona, 2004 , 322

A convergência da rádio-satélite como exemplo a seguir

A rádio hertziana devia pôr os olhos neste exemplo:

"When Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio first introduced their subscription audio services, both companies expected success to come primarily from the automobile market. As most radio listening is done in the car, the two companies worked to sew up exclusive licensing deals with major car manufacturers.

But in the four years since satellite radio began, new technologies are making additional demands on listeners' time and dollars.

Today, satellite radio is competing not just with broadcast radio in the car, but also with MP3 players, which can hold thousands of songs and can be hooked up to car stereo systems. And unlike bulky satellite radio receivers, pocket-size MP3 players can be carried everywhere and are useful in the gym.

To compete with portable music devices, both XM and Sirius have had to start offering their programming over a range of devices and services. Both companies charge $12.95 a month for their programming, and discounted multiyear contracts are available.

In addition to the service in cars, consumers can now hear Sirius channels on the Dish Network [um conglomerado de empresas com a tv por cabo no centro das operações] and on Sprint cellphones. XM can be heard by AOL subscribers, on AirTran and JetBlue flights and on DirecTV [basicamente TV por cabo mas muitos outros serviços] 

"We want to make our service available over as many products as possible," said Robert Law, senior vice president of Sirius's consumer electronics division.

For now, standard radios and MP3 players still have the edge on easy music delivery. Broadcast radios are cheap and are incorporated into virtually every home stereo system, while satellite radio tuners are mostly stand-alone devices. And satellite signals cannot be received without a special antenna. "(in New York Times, 12, Janeiro de 2006, "Satellite Radio Leaves the Car to Go Home and on Walks", By ERIC A. TAUB)

Satélite resolve problema da mobilidade?

Um dos maiores problemas da rádio-satélite nos EUA é a necessidade dos receptores estarem imobilizadospara garantirem uma boa recepção (caso contrário a qualidade do sinal falha: A major concern with current-generation satellite portables is reliable receptivity. A few devices already exist on the market, including the Delphi MyFi, but traditional radio receivers are far more reliable. XM indicated that its new line of receivers will feature stronger connectivity, while Sirius pointed to new releases in June that will also offer improvements). Ou "To get live radio, most portable satellite receivers on the market need to be docked (they can, however, play recorded programs on the go). Some have internal antennas for receiving live broadcasts on the go, but reception tends to be spotty" ("Satellite Radio Leaves the Car to Go Home and on Walks", New York Times, 12/1/06. neste endereço http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/12/technology/circuits/12basics.html)

)Os novos aparelhos receptores têm, além de  melhores antenas, "Both allow users to grab satellite streams on-the-fly, while also functioning as an MP3 player. While listening to any XM station, users can also bookmark a specific song, and download the track on a PC using the upcoming XM+ Napster service. Less ambitious portables do not allow on-the-go receptivity, though they do allow listeners to record satellite streams while docked."