3.0.1 Tendências do segundo choque

O consumo activo está a ser oferecido por novos operadores (introd)

«Existing media companies have traditionally been in the best position to invest in the development of novel technologies. This advantage has customarily resulted in a pattern where the content and business operations of newer media forms mostly reflect those of the ancestral technology, (...). Consequently, because many Cyber enterprises have been launched by terrestrial broadcasters, the resulting Internet-delivered stations operate much as their over-air counterparts and largely reflect traditional radio content.» (Evans/Smethers, 2001: 6)

Estudar o conceito de interactividade

«The concept of interactivity has been the topic of considerable study, particularly regarding the Internet and multimedia (for example, van Dijk and de Vas 2001; Hanssen, Jankowski and Etienne 1996; Jensen 1999; McMillan and Downes 2000; Rafaeli 1988). Regarding web radio, Lind, Medoff and Rarick (2001) suggest that one of the factors for visiting web radio stations is the possibility of interaction with others. Other factors they mention include enhanced reception, the passing of time, information acquisition and entertainment.

A general description of interactivity has been proposed by Rafaeli and Sudweeks (1997) as 'a process-related, variable characteristic of communication settings. Like face-to-face ommunication, computer-mediated communication has the capacity of enabling high interactivity. One postulated outcome of interactivity is engagement'. Jensen (1999) has extended this description to a typology of communication patterns and has applied it to forms of Internet communication. He builds on the four information traffic patterns identified by Bordewijk and van Kaam (1982): transmission, consultation, registration and conversation» (van Selm et al, 2006: 267-268)

«According to the radio staff interviewed, the main distinction between web radio and conventional radio is the incorporation of interactive features into programming. Both interactive tools provided by BuZz, the archive and the chat box, were considered valuable by the staff of this programme.» (van Selm et al: 2006: 272) 

[EST ESTUDO, ENTREVISTANDO GENTE QUE TRABALHA NA RÁDIO E UTILIZADORES/OUVINTES, MOSTRA UMA GRANDE DIFERENÇA ENTRE AMBOS 273-274: «The above statements suggest a discrepancy between radio programme hosts and 'chatters' regarding the value assigned to interactions during the web shows. The focus group members expressed a degree of disappointment with the way in which the hosts incorporated the chat box into the web-based radio programme.» 274«This lack of enthusiasm for the contribution of chat box by programme hosts did not go unnoticed by listeners» 275)

«In summary, interactive media can facilitate two-way communication. It remains uncertain, however, whether radio programme hosts are adequately aware of the implications of programme hosts are adequately aware of the implications of this for their work. Their status as radio 'stars' is, in a sense, duced to that of facilitator or moderator of a website where lies are discussed and music played. » (van Selm, 275)

Os conteúdos são sobretudo promocionais (e não interactivos)

(a rádio que resiste em tirar partido das potencialidades oferecidas pela net, nomeadamente a interactividade)

«Although large numbers of radio stations are now making use of the Internet, the nature of that use varies substantially. By far the primary use ofthe sites is for station-related promotional purposes. Based on a content analysis of the sites of commercial radio sites in the United States, Lind and Medoff (2000) report that nearly three-quarters of the sites they investigated contain promotional materials such as programming guides, profiles of staff and other forms of station information. Considerably fewer stations - between 10 and 25 percent - provide information related to news stories, sports and the weather. Contact with stations was for the most part arranged through e-mail links. Other forms of contact or feedback - listener surveys and registration forms, discussion groups and bulletin boards sessions - were organised by small fractions of the stations studied. No more than 15 percent of the sites examined by Lind and Medoff (2000) provide chat opportunities for listeners.» (van Selm et al, 2006: 267)

RESISTIR, a partir da rádio, em aderir: «The BuZz web radio staff, on the other hand, showed a reluctance to provide listeners with too much influence over programme content» (279-280) 

O rápido crescimento da rádio através da Internet (5.0 introd)

«The first experiment with web radio is attributed to the campus station at the University of Kansas that began continuous broadcasting via the Internet in December 1994 (Kaye and Medoff 1999). Commercial radio stations in the United States followed suit about a year later, and since then the number of stations with a web presence and form of Internet broadcasting has multiplied substantially» (van Selm et al, 2006: 266) 

[On Dec. 3, 1994, students working at the University of Kansas’ student radio station, KJHK, became the first radio station in the world to provide a live, continuous programming signal on the Internet.]

A rádio tem de perder o controlo sobre os conteúdos

«Radio must loosen up control on content. Understand the true importance of mashups and consumer control of content. To proceed by building interesting channels based on topics and music genres will not be enough to win a meaningful market» (Jerry Del Colliano)

A vantagem da rádio não é o seu conteúdo mas a sua conveniência

O estudo Radio Next perguntou aos inquiridos qual a mais-valia da rádio AM/FM relativamente a outros concorrentes audio.

40 por cento responderam a facilidade/conveniência da distribuição, sendo que entre os 18-34 a afirmação ainda é mais clara (46%); em segundo lugar aparece os beneficios oferecidos pelos conteúdos exclusivos (30%), menos valorizados pelos 18-34, depois os beneficios dos conteudos não-exclusivos (20%) e em ultimo lugar o argumento da relação com a localização (13%) (slide 17).

Leitura a fazer: «For the moment at least, terrestrial radio continues to be valued by most Americans. This value hinges not so much on content but on a distribution advantage that may soon disappear. This points terrestrial radio in two strategic directions: 1. Aggressively develop and secure unique content. 2. Use its current distribution advantage to drive audience and advertisers to new platforms.» (slide 29)

«Universal WiMax would make it seamless for consumers to have Internet-based music, information, communication with them everywhere. The advantage that radio transmission now has -- it's everywhere and it's free -- would be reduced to one thing. It's still free. But consumers would likely pay a premium to get Internet on-the-go» (Jerry del Colliano)

A ideia de convergência está morta?

«Arturo Artom, founder and CEO of Netsystem in Milan, concurred that the 1990s notion of convergence—the idea of a single box containing a television, computer, and telephone—is dead. “The future is making niche devices that perform tasks exceptionally well,” Artom said. At the same time, Warrior added, mobile phones serve as a “sharp multiplier” of access devices as increased digital functionality is integrated into them.Many new cell phones come bundled with features such as digital picture-taking, e-mail, MP3 music playback, video, and so on. Those kinds of feature add-ons are likely to continue in the years ahead.» (LAsica, 2007: 15)

Sobre a interactividade em rádio

«Aunque la interactividad no es algo nuevo en radio, la llegada de Internet ha venido a multiplicar las posibilidades con las que cuentan hoy los oyentes para dirigirse al medio. (...) Estas posibilidades - que se prevé se consoliden en un futuro cercano - ofrecen ventajas tanto para los oyentes como para los profesionales. La principal aportación que las nuevas tecnologías han supuesto para la participación de los oyentes ha sido el fomento de una mayor interactividad.(...) [83] En las disciplinas comunicativas interesa destacar sobre todo la denominada “interactividad conversacional” que, en la práctica, es la más relacionada con la participación del público en los procesos y productos comunicativos. Esta dimensión se encuentra presente, por ejemplo, en la definición que Jensen (1999: 59-60) propone para la interactividad, a la que define como “la habilidad potencial de un medio para permitir que el usuario ejerza alguna influencia en el contenido y/o en la forma de la comunicación mediada”. En similares términos se expresa Sádaba (2000: 148) para quien la interactividad es “la potencialidad de un sistema tecnológico de favorecer procesos comunicativos eficientes al permitir la presencia de elementos que hacen análoga la comunicación mediada por la tecnología al diálogo”. (...) En concreto, la interactividad se vehicula a través del correo electrónico, los foros, las encuestas o las áreas de charla. [84] Así, entre 1940 y 1980 la participación perseguía una finalidad lúdica, divulgativa y de entretenimiento, era numéricamente reducida y sólo se ubicaba en algunos tipos de programas como los concursos, los consultorios, los programas de discos dedicados y la denominada radio de beneficencia.(...) Desde los años 80, la participación de los oyentes ha experimentado una transformación sustancial. A las tradicionales finalidades lúdica, divulgativa y de entretenimiento, se añade hoy una finalidad diferente: la de que las llamadas sirvan para interpretar la realidad.[85] (...) en los últimos diez años, la llegada de los sistemas digitales a la radio ha otorgado un fuerte impulso a la noción de interactividad. Nuevamente, el mayor desarrollo está teniendo lugar gracias a la generalización del uso de Internet, ya que, al menos hasta el momento, la red aparece como el nuevo soporte de integración y convergencia en la era digital. En la defensa de Internet frente a otros soportes digitales algunos de los argumentos más citados son: la mayor sencillez ya que no se requiere concesión administrativa, el menor coste, la ausencia de fronteras y la existencia de un mercado potencial amplio y en expansión creciente [86]» (Herrera,2006:  )

Jensen, J. (1999) ‘The concept of interactivity in “interactive television” and “interactive media”’, en Jensen, J. & Toscan, C. (eds.) (1999)

Interactive Television. TV of the Future or the Future of the TV?, Aalborg: Aalborg University Press, pp. 59-60.

Sádaba, M.R. (2000) ‘Interactividad y comunidades virtuales en el entorno de la World Wide Web’,

Comunicación y Sociedad, XIII, 1: 139-166.

Mais criadores de conteúdos (e consumidores); EUA

«In the US, eMarketer projects that the number of user-generated content creators will rise from 77 million in 2007 to 108 million in 2012. The content is being read, seen and heard, too. The number of consumers of user-generated content will increase from 94 million in 2007 to 130 million in 2012. “US Internet users are creating and consuming user-generated content in record numbers,” says Paul Verna, eMarketer Senior Analyst and author of the new report, User-Generated Content: In Pursuit of Ad Dollars, “across an ever-expanding range of online content that includes video, audio, personal profiles, avatars, photo sharing, Wiki entries and product reviews.” (fonte: «Can User-Generated Content Generate Revenue? eMarkeeter APRIL 17, 2008

Qual é a importância de ouvir na 'rádio'?

«And of course, anyone can make great radio: from newspaper companies, tv, even banks and restaurants. The only difference with this form of great radio… is that you’ll not hear it on the radio.»

São os operadores da net que apostam mais na tecnologia

«America’s AccuRadio has partnered with FlyTunes to create an interface for the iPhone and iPod Touch to enable over 320 channels to stream to the wi-fi enabled devices.
AccuRadio is an Internet only broadcaster and reaches almost a million listeners per month with hundreds of channels of rock, pop, jazz, classical, oldies, country, urban, latin, vocals and world music»

Mais de um terço da escuta de rádio não é analógica

«According to the Radio Next study, released today at RAIN’s Las Vegas Summit, 38% of time spent listening to “radio” is via delivery modes other than terrestrial AM and FM broadcasts. That is, listening to satellite radio, cable radio, Internet-only webcasts, online simulcasts of AM/FM programming and podcasts accounted for well over a third of the total time spent with radio among respondents. Sponsored by Solutions Media Group, Ando Media, and this publication, the study also indicates all of online streaming (Net-only webcasters plus AM/FM streams) accounts for 16% of total radio listening (split evenly between the two); satellite radio and cable radio each account for 11%. Given that the study was conducted online and based on self-reporting, “the results are certainly a bit more ‘ahead of the curve’ than we’d see today in a study of the general population as a whole,” RAIN publisher and research vet Kurt Hanson admitted. “Nonetheless these results can certainly be considered a bellwether of where radio is headed in the near future.” And while AM/FM listening levels may be declining year to year, when growth of other modes of radio listening are taken into account, “listening to radio in all of its forms is almost certainly growing significantly,” Hanson also said.»

fonte: «RADIO NEXT STUDY: 38% OF RADIO LISTENING IS INTERNET, SATELLITE, OR CABLE RADIO”», RAIN, 14/04/08

Perante o excesso de informação, agregar...

«A grande idéia da web 2.0 é a troca de informações e de conteúdo entre os internautas. Mas aí há também uma armadilha: graças a essa facilidade, se perder na internet é a coisa mais fácil. São tantas as redes sociais que lembrar-se de atualizar seu perfil em cada uma já complica. Pior para quem é seu “seguidor”, que se desdobra para acompanhar o que você anda lendo, escrevendo, fotografando ou assistindo (perdoe o gerundismo).

Hoje há vários serviços que prometem desembaraçar esse imenso novelo. São sites que agregam várias redes sociais e programas de mídia social em um único espaço. Exemplo: junta-se em uma só página o seu blog, seu microblog, seu perfil no YouTube ou na rádio online Last.fm. A cada vez que se atualiza um desses serviços, essa mesma página também o fará, mostrando, de forma organizada e cronológica, todas as suas atividades digitais.»

Contar páginas visitadas e não escuta

«It wasn’t that long ago that terrestrial stations which stream crossed the 30% mark, and then the 33% level, and now John Blackledge at JPMorgan says “traffic at the terrestrial operators’ sites grew 3.8%” in February. While “traffic was down at all but six of the Internet radio operators.” Remember that we’re not talking about “listening”, or hours tuned or other measurements. This is unique visitors to Internet radio sites, sourced to Commscore Media Metrix and JPMorgan’s own estimates, and there are probably other sets of numbers out there. But Blackledge says the trend is clear: “We continue to expect unique visitors [to AM/FM-based station sites] to continue to post sequential and year-over-year growth in 2008.” Looking at all traffic: CBS-owned Last.fm jumped 39%, to hit 1.9 million unique visitors. (Expect more to come from closer ties between the CBSRadio stations and cousin Last.fm.) CBS sites grew 7%, Citadel/ABC sites grew 15%, NPR slipped 9% (“after record traffic in January”), while Clear Channel was off 1%. But Clear Channel still commands “an 18% share”, all by itself. Live365 was off 14%, Windowsmedia.com slipped 6%, though Pandora was 2% better».

Tirar partido das redes sociais

«Nearly One In Four Americans Have A Profile On A Social Networking Web Site» (slide 37)

«Weekly Online Radio Listeners Much More Likely to Have a Profile Page on Social Networking Sites (38)

«Nearly 4-in-10 Weekly Online Radio Users With a Social Network Profile Page Visit About Once a Day or More» (39)

CONCLUSÂO:

«Take Advantage of Connections To Social Networking Web Sites» (56): Social networking Web sites are where younger music fans are now going to discover music and to interact with one another. Those who listen to online radio are much more likely to participate in social networks. Offline radio, as well as Internet-only radio, need to realize they are now part of an even broader world of online options and respond accordingly.»

Quando muda o meio muda a mensagem?

«the medium is the message," and when you change the medium you change the message because, in part, you change what consumers can do and expect to do with that medium.

Take, for example, the world of TV as it adapts to the online world.

TV is chunked in programs just as radio is (In talk radio, a program is literally a show. In music radio, a "program" is really a "song.")

In most if not every case, the distribution model for TV programming online is by-the-chunk. Browse over to NBC.com and you "watch videos," you don't stream the network feed in real time.» Mark Ramsey

Utilizadores do LastFM compram mais musica

«The service says users have purchased 66 percent more albums and singles than they did before it launched its one demand music streaming service. "In just over two months it's become clear that people will buy CDs and downloads if they get access to the kind of service we offer," said Martin Stiksel, Last . fm co-founder." "No one else can give music fans this amount of music for free - but more importantly also drive their discovery, as we do through our unique recommendation engine." Stiksel said that the amount of time users spend on the site has also increased by 188 percent since January. The company is offering users the chance to stream songs from a huge swathe of artists through Last.fm, reaching deals to offer this service with all the major labels and many independents. It provides links to purchase full tracks from iTunes, 7 Digital and Amazon.

Pistas para o futuro da rádio

«Some have argued that the answer is Internet radio. So how does terrestrial radio respond? By streaming their radio feeds online. This is not the future. Developing new content for the Internet -- including new radio content -- could be the answer and yet few radio companies will spend the money or hire the talent to do so.
Can you imagine where a consolidator like Clear Channel would be today if when they closed on its 1,100th radio station they also decided to invest in 1,100 more "stations" -- totally new, totally different -- with podcasting and social networking options -- online. (...) Radio broadcasters are the best providers of content on this earth.

They're just providing it in the wrong place to reach future audiences.

Radio broadcasters can do more than format programming.

The next generation needs prolific podcasts on a myriad of subjects.

The Internet is a delivery system.

Radio is a content business»

Radio vs. The Internet Inside Music Media, 8/04/08

A internet mais importante do que tudo (e pertencer a comunidades)

«The Digital Future Report found that the Internet is perceived by users to be a more important source of information for them -- this over all other principal media, including television, radio, newspapers, and books. Eighty percent of Internet users age 17 and older consider the Internet to be an important source of information for them -- up from 66 percent in 2006 -- and higher than television (68 percent), radio (63 percent), and newspapers (63 percent).
(...) The Digital Future Project found that membership in online communities has more than doubled in only three years. More than half of online community members (54 percent) log into their community at least once a day, and 71 percent of members said their community is very important or extremely important to them. Fifty- six percent of members reported meeting their online counterparts in person. The study found that participation in online community membership has particularly dramatic effects on participation in social causes. Three-quarters of online community members said they use the Internet to participate in communities related to social causes, with 40 percent saying that they use the Internet at least monthly to participate in such communities. Eighty-seven percent of online community members are participating in social causes that are new to them since their involvement in online communities began.» (new USC Annenberg Digital Future study via Radio vs. The Internet Inside Music Media, 8/04/08)

Mais do ouvinte inconstante (porquê ter APENAS um serviço preferido?

«(...) I think of these web services as the new radio stations. Everyone of my generation has had their favorite radio stations. Everyone of my kid’s generation will have their favorite web music services. There will be hundreds of them. All supported by advertising, just like traditional radio stations, and all of them licensed by rights holders (eventually), and all of them paying the rights holders a little coin every time their song is played. And because these services will be free to anyone who wants to listen, they will be very popular. Never before have you been able to decide you want to listen to something you don’t currently own and then just play it.»