Blogia
Transistor kills the radio star?

5.1.2 HD

Como funcionam os canais extra no HD

Porque só existe nos EUA, porque é uma realidade completamente nova, porque ler é uma coisa, ouvir, outra, tenho tido muita curiosidade em perceber como funcionam os canais de audio oferecidos pela tecnologia digital (HD).

Na Forbes desta semana um artigo faz vários relatos interessantes. Entre eles, este:

"Local broadcasters can deliver up to three program feeds that, depending on how they divvy up the bandwidth, can sound like decent MP3s or pretty good phone calls. The first channel usually duplicates the conventional analog station. Others, when they exist, differ wildly.

In Seattle, where I test this stuff, public radio station KUOW's second digital channel (also available on the Web) shifts some of its regular programming to different hours and adds extra shows. A third channel delivers the BBC World Service, heavily compressed to conserve bandwidth, but listenable.

On the commercial side of the dial, two Seattle FM stations use secondary HD channels to simulcast sister AM talk stations--with wildly better audio. A third station's main HD channel puts country song titles and artists on the radio's screen and displays weather forecasts during ads; the secondary channel offers commercial-free "classic country." And when I tuned to the secondary channel of an in-your-face rap station during the holidays, I stumbled upon a surprisingly low-key commercial-free mix of hip Christmas music. "

fonte: "Radio Goes HD", Forbes
Stephen Manes, 01.09.06, 12:00 AM ET

2006, o ano HD (?)

"There are more than 600 AM and FM stations broadcasting digital HD Radio signals today, and we expect that number to double next year," predicted Robert Struble, president and CEO of iBiquity Digital Corporation, which is powering the technology behind the digital radio upgrade. "We look forward to 2006 as the year HD Radio reaches the mainstream consumer, and all of the new products and features to help us achieve this goal will be on display at CES." The move follows the formation of the HD Digital Radio Alliance, which includes some heavy-hitting terrestrial radio broadcasters."

informação retirada desta notícia: "Digital Radio Consortium Prepares Blitz at CES" (Digital Music News, 4/1/06)

O HD não convence todos

"if a listener wants to listen to one of the new HD channels, he must first tune to a station that he does not want to listen to, before he gets to the station that he does. If that happens, the new formats on new channels of (each main frequency), become permanently associated (in the listeners’ minds) with the format of the main channel. Another negative is that the additional HD channels will seem to not be on the air if a person attempts to tune directly to them, without first going to the analog / digital main frequency. DOES THIS LAYERED SYSTEM MAKE ANY SENSE?"

O que é que isto provocou? "HD radio is at our doorstep and IT IS TEN YEARS LATE. Why? Because our “Leaders” fought needlessly over engineering standards. We COULD have been first to digital radio, but weren’t. The result: A huge opening for satellite radio, based on digital quality and new channels that you’d never hear on terrestrial radio. "

Russ "Oasis Delivers Open Letter to the Industry"
 

Um bom ponto da situação sobre o HD (e a rádio hertziana)

A partir deste texto "HD Radio: Could it Ever Supplant FM?" (de Anders Madsen, 01.04.06, rwonline.com), e destas interrogações "Will HD Radio someday overtake analog FM in the United States? If so, how long until most commercial FM broadcast is at least accompanied by an IBOC modulated signal? Will stations ever really start turning off their analog entirely, as originally envisioned under the "hybrid" approach to a digital radio transition?", alguns destaques:

- O PREÇO DOS RECEPTORES: "Tim Eby, manager of Ohio State University station WOSU(FM), agrees. "Nobody’s going to run out and buy a radio if it costs $350." For him, $100 is the target price point required for mass appeal." [a própósito: HD tuner for $110)

- O RISCO DE INVESTIMENTO DOS PROPRIETÁRIOS: "According to Bob Struble, president and CEO of the company, some owners are pursuing aggressive installation and implementation, others are waiting to see what happens. But he is certain HD Radio will someday replace analog FM broadcast in the United States."

- A MANUTENÇÃO DO FM (até porque existem 800 milhões de rádios analógicos nos EUA, com a respectiva inércia): ""One of the great things about HD is that it operates in tandem with analog, so that if you have an HD radio, it also picks up analog stations. There won’t be a cutoff point, (as if) that’s the end of this, and we’re starting something new ... It’s a planned transition. We’re not taking any analog stations off the air ... what we’re doing is putting HD transmitters right next to the analog transmitters." 

- A VENDA DE EMISSORES: "Matthew Straeb, director of business development for Continental Electronics, said, "We’re selling a lot more HD transmitters than we are analog"."

A COBERTURA NACIONAL DIGITAL: "Will HD Radio signals ever be everywhere in the U.S.? "Not in my lifetime," Jensen said."

 

As principais dificuldades do multicasting: quem ouve?

Aqui conta-se a experiência da "Gretchen 99.9", uma rádio lançada de acordo com a tecnologia HD pela rádio hertziana Kiss Country, em Miami.

A Gretchen 99.9 é um canal digital nascido da possibilidade que a HD gera de criar canais paralelos (dedicado ao cantor de country Gretchen Wilson).

A questão das audiências é fundamental: além de haver poucos rádios preparados para ouvir (também) estes canais digitais, diz Harry Helms, muitos ouvintes sintonizam a Kiss Country na internet, não em rádios HD; quem ouve? 

A propósito dos novos canais criados pelo HD: "A new study conducted by some radio analysts says consumers prefer to have the 'extended band' of radio, instead of a 'layered approach.'"

Teste ao primeiro receptor HD: bom som

"My immediate first impression is that satellite radio broadcasters better start worrying", diz Gary Krakow, que esteve nos ultimos dias a testar o primeiro receptor de HD, o Boston Acoustics’ Recepter Radio HD. As impressões foram boas. A ponto de Krakow dizer que "Howard Stern might be leaving terrestrial radio at the wrong time. With the release of the first real digital AM/FM radio receiver, satellite radio may have some real competition to worry about."

in Digital AM/FM challenges satellite radio, MSNBC, Updated: 8:41 a.m. ET Dec. 16, 2005

HD ainda muito desconhecido pelos jovens

Resultado de seis "focus groups" conduzidos pela empresa de pesquisa Jacobs Media com jovens dos 18 aos 34 anos:

"Even in Detroit, awareness of HD Radio was “vague,” said Jacobs. “Some people associate it with HDTV.” He also noted confusion with RDS, noting that some people think they have HD Radio when they see an RDS text display on their radio. "

"Is radio losing its portability among youth?; HD-R awareness «vague»" 2005-12-08,

O empurrão que faltava ao HD (ou dois)

Sete dos principais operadores de rádio terrestre nos EUA associaram-se para dar força ao HD.

Entre os seus objectivos estão: "coordination of formats on new multicast channels known as HD2. The bloc will also push to secure coveted dashboard positioning among top automotive retailers, and work closely with receiver manufacturers to increase marketing on new product releases. To the end, the group pledged to commit $200 million in HD-specific advertising on their stations. The group estimates that over 600 stations are delivering their primary programming signal in digital quality. The announcement is happening against a backdrop of steadily increasing satellite radio subscriptions, which are now closing in on 9 million."

Acrescento isto, que me parece importante:

Um dos grandes problemas para o desenvolvimento do HD, como se pode ler por estes textos, é a substituição dos actuais rádios. Pois acaba de ser anunciado um dispositivo que permite utilizar os actuais rádios. «“We are pleased to offer solutions that allow customers to receive and listen to digital AM/FM signals without having to replace their factory radios. Customers can now enjoy true CD-quality digital broadcasts with their existing vehicles’ audio systems," Dice VP of sales Jim Lucas said in a statement
 

E isto: "A Clear Channel Communications, maior rede de rádio norte-americana, anunciou no mês passado que 95 por cento de suas 1,2 mil estações estarão transmitindo conteúdo digital em 2007. Se a iniciativa tiver sucesso, a empresa poderá oferecer programação gratuita capaz de rivalizar com a das rádios via satélite. "Por que pagar por alguma coisa que se recebe de graça?", pergunta John Hogan, presidente-executivo das divisões de rádio da Clear Channel, ecoando um lema do setor de rádio norte-americano."

A oposição vem da indústria discográfica dos EUA, acossada por vários lados. "In other words, instead of simply marking broadcast content for downstream protection as the flag system does, RIAA suggested that all IBOC broadcasts (or at least those that include copyrighted music) be mandated to include full-time encryption of the digital broadcast signal, and that these signals only be entitled for legitimate decryption under circumstances of which the RIAA approved."

Afinal há quem tenha dúvidas sobre o HD

"There's more news that the radio industry is putting all its eggs in one basket. (...) The problem seen here is that HD is the only thing mentioned in this article about radio improving. It is becoming the stock response to threats.

(...) Radio is, again, offering the audience what the industry wants to offer and expecting that the audience will embrace radio as it has in the past. Only, today, there is far more choice than when this logic worked before.

Radio is risking its future by chasing the HD dream at the expense of all else. That strategy will soon become radio's nightmare
. "

Até final de Novembro 200 rádios em HD

só no universo do grupo Clear Channel. "The company says it is on track to air HD digital radio broadcasts on 95% of its stations in the top 100 markets by the end of 2007".

 

(HD digital radio upgrades AM and FM radio stations by adding a digital signal to the existing analog signal. The result allows AM radio to sound like FM, and FM radio to sound CD-quality. To enjoy these benefits plus additional programs that can be broadcast through a single station via multicasting, the listener must purchase a HD radio receiver)

A tecnologia HD e a rádio de serviço público

A rádio de serviço público nos EUA tem características muito diferentes da europeia, nomeadamente da BBC – que funciona, no velho continente, como paradigma.

Não havendo rádios nacionais nos EUA, mas apenas estações associadas que podem “sindicar” algum programa, a NPR (o sistema de rádio de serviço público nos Estados Unidos, maioritariamente financiado pelos ouvintes, privado portanto, e sem lucros) possui em muitos dos principais mercados apenas uma rádio – que assim tem de se comportar em absoluto como generalista (ou seja, chegando a vários públicos ao longo de um mesmo dia ou semana).

O aparecimento de uma tecnologia que permite a criação, a partir da emissão original em FM ou AM, de novos canais digitais foi imediatamente apreendida pela NPR como algo muito importante.

No início de 2003 a NPR anunciou a sua adesão projecto de HD da iBiquity (antes designado IBOC, In-Band on Channel), criando o “Tomorrow Radio Project”.

 

2003 foi o ano dos primeiros testes do sistema multicanal (ou tecnologia “second audio”), que permite transmitir mais programação e conteúdos escritos a partir do actual espectro (essa tecnologia cria um sinal digital paralelo ao sinal analógico que as rádios hertzianas emitem), com qualidade muito próxima do actual CD, sem ser afectado pelas condições atmosféricas.

A NPR conseguiu a adesão, para este projecto, de empresas importantes, como a Kenwood, que fabricou receptores prontos a receber os novos canais digitais (com informações de trânsito, boletins de tempo ou cotações de bolsa, em texto, por exemplo, como a rádio por satélite). A HD exige novos receptores.

Nessa altura haverá milhares de estações de rádio nos EUA a emitir com HD e, para as mais de 700 estações de serviço público, será possível apresentar diversos formatos simultaneamente.

A NPR anunciou também um horizonte temporal de 10 anos para tornar todas as estações NPR a funcionar em HD, e esse é um prazo que cada empresa ou grupo de rádios terá de tomar por si próprio, uma vez que a autoridade federal das comunicações não definiu – nem definirá, pelo que se percebe – uma data para o switch off completo (ao contrário da TV), o que significa que nos próximos anos as rádios poderão continuar a utilizar as frequências analógicas actuais.

 

Uma citação do documento “NPR’s Tomorrow Radio Project”, 10/02/04, por Ralph Graves:

Os operadores comerciais vêem a qualidade de som da rádio digital e as características da PAD [«Program Associated Data», informações em texto] como uma forma de competir com a rádio por satélite. A NPR vê uma coisa diferente: como uma aplicação possível pra resolver um dos problemas mais insistentes da rádio pública. A emissão de rádio pública, globalmente, junta diversos e diferentes formatos (…). Cada género tem a sua audiência leal e em alguns casos com pouca sobreposição. Quando a sua rádio pública muda da “Morning Edition” para os “Midday Classics”, por exemplo, a audiência de notícias desliga e o público interessado em música clássica liga. As estações lutam por servir uma audiência diversa com apenas um sinal (…). Tomorrow Radio Project explorou a possibilidade de subdividir o sinal digital de 96kbps da IBOC em dois ou mais sinais viáveis de som, dando às estações a oportunidade de difundir diferentes formatos simultaneamente.

(…) De acordo com Mike Starling, vice-presidente da NPR para a área de engenharia e operações, nove dos 25 principais mercados de rádio nos EUA têm apenas uma estação afiliada na NPR. Muitos mercados pequenos são servidos apenas por uma rádio pública. Estas estações têm dificuldade em combinar os formatos que pretendem transmitir – sabendo que cada formato apenas serve uma fracção da sua potencial audiência total. Em muitos casos, não t~em horas suficientes para garantir adequadamente todos os tipos de programação que a sua audiência deseja. E uma vez que uma parte essencial do financiamento da rádio pública vem das contribuições dos ouvintes…”.

Clear Channel passa de 65 para 200 rádios em HD

"That is a sizeable increase over the current footprint of 65 stations, and is part of an accelerated deployment for the radio conglomerate. According to Jeff Littlejohn, executive vice president of distribution development at Clear Channel Radio, the deployment means a "higher-quality listening experience," in addition to "data services and multicasted programming". Other conglomerates are also pushing HD deployments, including Cox Communications and Infinity Broadcasting."

via Digital Music News ("Clear Channel Radio Readies 200 Digital Radio Stations")

Mais sobre o HD (e o multicasting)

- Transmite um sinal digital a partir de uma emissão analógica (FM ou AM);

- os receptores digitais são caros e raros e ainda não começou a troca nem a massificação por parte dos fabricantes (com a subsidiação de terminais?); muitas rádios esperam pela reconversão do lado dos ouvintes; outras já perceberam que se não derem o primeiro passo o processo não avança

- Criado pela iBiquity Corp. (uma entrevista ao presidente da empresa, Robert Struble, aqui);

- grande vantagem, para além da qualidade do som: o multicasting de conteúdos diferentes, a partir da emissão hertziana (dois ou mais canais); por exemplo: num canal tem a emissão normal, noutro apenas trânsito;
Sobre o multicasting...

 

Há mais de 500 rádios com o HD

"HD Radio Rollout Gains Momentum With 500+ Stations On-Air With Coverage Serving All Top 50 Markets - And Beyond

National Association of Broadcasters Radio Show– September 21, 2005 – There are now over 500 AM and FM stations across the country broadcasting with HD Radio technology. Stations serving every one of the top 50 U.S. markets are now providing listeners with digital HD Radio coverage, including: Detroit (21 stations on the air), Los Angeles (19), Chicago (19), Atlanta
(18), Miami (16), Boston (15), San Francisco (15), and New York City (14).

Responding to the rising demand for more music, news and information, radio broadcasters have also embraced HD Radio multicasting capabilities as a way to offer consumers new channels of unique programming on the same station frequency.
Several of the largest U.S. radio broadcasters have already launched multicast channels featuring brand extensions and diverse formats such as classical music, dance music, and local music. Many more stations are expected to include multicast channels in the coming months as this trend generates great interest and enthusiasm from both broadcasters and consumers.

"This has been a breakthrough year in the rollout of HD Radio technology. Broadcasters are converting stations at a pace of more than one per day as they
ramp up efforts to market and promote the technology to consumers," said Robert Struble, president and CEO of iBiquity Digital Corporation. "And the emergence of multicasting as the system's first killer application has been critically important.
There are now stations from Philadelphia to Seattle broadcasting additional streams of content to complement the programming on their main channels."

(via Obercom)

E para ouvir a rádio em HD? Já há aparelhos no mercado

Where Are The HD Radios?
Sep. 23, 2005
By Paul Heine
PHILADELPHIA -- If a 5.1 surround-sound tree falls in a digital forest, does anyone hear it?
iBiquity director of broadcast marketing Don Kelly offered an update on the most important question in the digital radio discussion taking place at the National Assn. of Broadcasters Radio Show here: Where are the radios?
Five different after-market car stereo HD receivers are currently available from a variety of manufacturers, he said, including JVC, Panasonic and Kenwood. A Boston Acoustics tabletop HD radio is expected in late October or early November.
Radiosophy will deliver portable receivers later this year and high-end units from Polk Audio will be available early next year. Kelly says at least another 15-17 manufacturers will have product coming to market.
“There will be hundreds of thousands of [HD] receivers in listeners hands in 2006,” Kelly said. 2500-3000 stations will beam digital signals within the next 18-24 months, covering 95% of the U.S. population, he added.
Noting that it took FM about seven years to achieve parity with AM, Kelly said the HD radio tipping point will occur sooner, because technology moves faster today than it did in the ‘70s.

Isto é que é lutar pela implantação da tecnologia

"HD Radio is an exciting new technology, but how does this infant industry motivate traditional radio listeners to upgrade their devices? "

A rádio hertziana vive (com o HD)

"If you think that terrestrial radio is dying, think again. HD radio, with multicasting and CD-quality sound, is growing by leaps and bounds according to last week's National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) Radio Show in Philadelphia. "Broadcasters are converting stations at a pace of more than one per day as they ramp up efforts," said Robert Struble, president and CEO of iBiquity Digital Corporation. "There are now stations from Philadelphia to Seattle broadcasting additional streams of content." HD radio allows for the multicasting of multiple channels on the same radio frequency. And commercial stations are not the only ones making the change. Not to be left behind, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) announced an agreement at the conference with iBiquity to accelerate the conversion of 400 stations nationwide. iBiquity is the sole developer and licenser of HD radio technology in the US. A total of 500 stations in the US are now capable of broadcasting in HD.

Satellite radio providers have been standing by to play taps for terrestrial radio for some time. The only problem is that traditional broadcasters have refused to play along, hoping the growth of HD radio will breathe new life into the medium. Now, the move by the CPB will help to push things further.
Most recently, a Washington DC-based NPR station broadcasted the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court appointee John Roberts via an HD multicast. But getting HD radio in front of the public is only half the battle, as consumers must ultimately accept the new technology. The kind of experimentation that is available through public radio can provide a soapbox, so to speak, for HD radio to be heard."

Story by news analyst Michael Bloom.
(via Digital Music News

A resposta tecnológica continua (2 em 1)

Uma rádio (digital) com dois canais e públicos diferentes ou duas rádios (digitais)numa frequência (multicast)? Uma tecnologia chamada HD Radio que oferece as letras das canções, os títulos e informações dos artistas? "Infinity said WUSN-FM 99.5 HD-2 will be the first continuously programed HD Radio multicast channel by a commercial broadcaster."

Infinity launches multicast station in Chicago (Thu May 12, 2005 1:50 PM ET)
LOS ANGELES, (Reuters) - Hoping to lure more listeners to traditional radio amid growing competition from satellite radio and iPods, Infinity Broadcasting on Thursday said it was dividing the frequency of a Chicago radio station into two to air a new station targeting a younger audience.
By splitting the radio frequencies into high-definition niches, Infinity, a unit of Viacom Inc., is embracing a technology known as multicasting.
Infinity said its popular Chicago country station, WUSN-FM, was granted experimental authorization from the Federal Communications Commission to broadcast the supplemental audio service.
WUSN-FM began broadcasting digitally in June 2003.
The multicast station, WUSN-FM 99.5 HD-2, will be programed independently, featuring a playlist of new music from established country artists as well as music from up-and-coming stars.
Infinity said its digital broadcast will offer text displays of song, title and artist information on HD Radio-compatible receivers.
HD Radio technology transmits digital audio and data alongside existing AM and FM analog signals and provides CD-quality sound and scrolling text displayed on a radio screen.
Infinity said WUSN-FM 99.5 HD-2 will be the first continuously programed HD Radio multicast channel by a commercial broadcaster.
Infinity has converted various stations to high-definition, including stations in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Dallas, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Boston, Detroit, Seattle, Cleveland, Las Vegas, and Fresno.